A molar pregnancy is the most common and benign form of gestational trophoblastic disease and is characterized by proliferation of placental tissue after abnormal fertilization of an empty ovum by one (complete mole, no fetus) or two (partial mole, fetus present) sperm. The causes of vesicular pregnancy depends on various factors which leads to develop fluid filled vesicles instead of normal development of embryo. This topic deals with the incidence, evidence, causes, Diagnosis, Management. Mainly two types of molar pregnancy are diagnosed i.e. Complete mole and partial mole.Sign and symptoms are having the clinical triads and other aggravating pregnancy symptoms of normal pregnancy are discussed. The correct techniques used to diagnose the medical history, ultrasonography and pregnancy tests are also discussed. The assessment of the successful management tools of vesicular pregnancy which includes medical treatment of chemotherapeutic drugs and surgical management is also explained.

Topographic variations have major implications on agricultural production globally. These variations often call for a number of adaptive strategies by farmers to maximize yields. This paper examines the positive and negative implications of topography on farming sub division in Mbven sub-division of the North West region of Cameroon. It analyses in detail the topographic dynamics of the Mvem rural area and its landscape in a bid to identify the various physical features like mountains, valleys, alluvial plains and how they affect faming activities. The paper further examines the manner in which the varied topographic landscape has influenced its drainage pattern while linking the flow pattern of such rivers to the various farming adaptive strategies used by the famers to counteract the negative impact of topography on farming activities. To achieve these objectives, the study made use of primary data obtained from questionnaires administration and interviews and secondary data from published articles, publications of academic and professional organizations, newspapers, journals and magazines. The research findings unearthed the fact that topographic variations have implications on the yields of various crops from the different topographic layouts where farms are located. As a response to this, farmers have carried out adaptation strategies which seem more successful in some areas though with the need of some modifications and application of modem strategies. To this effect, the research identifies the need for farmers, local authorities and government to remain glued on the role topography plays in agriculture. This implies that positive attributes of topography to agriculture be improved and protected while the negative attributes are mitigated in order to enhance agricultural production so as to ensure food security.

The advent of crisis in the 1990s, marked the fall in the prices of cash crops and the disengagement of the State from major rural projects. This led to an increase in paid agricultural work in divisions of the West Region of Cameroon. Based on the dependence on food crops and market gardening cultivations, children were recruited from densely populated villages to act as the main labour force in this sector. This work is based on a study of five markets in the divisions of Menoua and Bamboutous. The methods of data collection for this write up includes; direct observations, interviews with key actors, and questionnaire administration and surveys of 456 children within the study area. This enabled us to explain the basis of this growing phenomenon of paid agricultural labour in rural areas. Underlying issues points to the pathways and risks these children are exposed to. The study shows that children aged between 7 and 17 years occupy 70% of the paid agricultural workforce. About 87% of the majority of the farmers are medium-sized producers from different Sub-Divisions with cultivable lands ranging from 500 square metres to 1 hectare. Their main activity is farming and they do not have enough physical strength to devote to it, hence the inescapability of paid agricultural labour, which covers 80% of the work on their farms. Working conditions depend on the type of negotiation between the farmer and the farm worker and the arrangements are verbal and based on mutual trust. Finally, paid agricultural work contributes to the development of arable land, the improvement of workers' living conditions and food security. However, without any form of social protection, it compromises the education of the children who engage in it and exposes them to all forms of abuse, the consequences of which are sometimes irreversible, hence the need for regulation from the family unit to public development policies.

Dental traumatic injuries may lead to several clinical complications. pulp canal calcifications is one of the complication of dental trauma.1  Pulpal calcifications are calcified masses in dental pulps of healthy, diseased, and even unerupted teeth. They are not only difficult to locate, but their negotiation and the creation of a glide path takes considerably long time. Ztooth becomes symptomatic endodontic treatment needed to be done.3

The process of ossification leads to the formation of the bony skeleton in embryos. In later life, another form of ossification occurs until early adulthood. Fibrous membranes and hyaline cartilage forms the embryonic skeleton before week 8 of gestation. After that, bony tissue begins to develop and eventually replaces most of the existing fibrous or cartilage structures. There are two types of Mechanisms of ossification, Endochondral Ossification and Intramembranous Ossification. In endochondral ossification, hyaline cartilage is used for bone construction.  While in Intramembranous ossification begins within fibrous connective tissue membranes formed by mesenchymal cells.

Background: Now-a-days, the management of plastic waste and pollution of polythene bags are more challenging issue. Non-compostable polythene bags can take up to thousand years to decompose. Improper waste disposal and polythene bags may severely endangered public health and the environment. In order to reduce plastic pollution, awareness is most important. As awareness improve the knowledge and change the attitude of people towards polythene bag usage and also reduces their practices of using polythene bags.
Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding polythene bag usage among the residents of Punjab and to develop and distribute an information booklet on its ill effect.
Methodology: A Quantitative non-experimental, descriptive research approach and design were used to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding the usage of polythene bags among 150 residents of a selected village of district Sri Muktsar Sahib, Punjab by using self-structured questionnaires using a purposive sampling technique.    
Results: The collected data was analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics which revealed that out of 150 residents, 40.67% have excellent 32%have good, 22% average and 5.33% have below average level of knowledge regarding polythene bag usage. Majority of residents i.e., 74% have favorable attitude means in the favor of not using polythene bags and 26% have neutral attitude and on other hand regarding practices, 4% residents have good, 54.66% have an average and 41.33% have below average practice regarding polythene bag usage. The correlation coefficient value for knowledge and attitude comes out +1, which indicates a positive relationship, and attitude and practice comes out -1 which indicates a negative relationship, which all resulted in unfavorable & very less usage of polythene bags by the public in the present scenario.
Conclusion: The general population has excellent level of knowledge, a favorable attitude, and very average practices regarding polythene bag usage.

Introduction: Accidents are the major cause of mortality and morbidity in children. An accidents can be defined as an unexpected injury, death or property damage. Accidents represents a major epidemic of non communicable disease throughout the world with industrialization advance in technology better health care and preventive measure like immunization. Accidental injuries to infants and young children are often serious, but are largely preventable with appropriate information and safe practices.

Aim: To assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge of mothers regarding prevention of home accidents among 5 year children in selected rural area of village Sudhar, Ludhiana, Punjab.

Material and Method: A quasi –experimental approach with two groups pre- test and post- test research design and purposive sampling was used. A self- structured questionnaire was used which has two parts demographic data and questionnaire to assess the knowledge of mothers. Structured teaching was conducted on experimental group. Data analysis was done by using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Result: Thepre-test knowledge score was almost same i.e below average in both the groups. In control group maximum mothers obtained below average knowledge score whereas in experimental group majority of mothers obtained good post-test knowledge score. The difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge score of control group was non-significant at p<0.05 level whereas in experimental group it was statistically highly significant at p<0.001 level.

Conclusion: the study concluded that structured teaching programme was significantly effective in raising the knowledge of mothers regarding prevention of home accidents.

A cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or stroke is a serious damage to the brain due to bleeding or ischemia. It is responsible for multiple functional consequences, on the neuropsychological and locomotor levels, where the upper limb is particularly affected. The functional rehabilitation of the hemiplegic upper limb is a real challenge, especially when there is pain in the shoulder.
The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with post-stroke shoulder pain in order to improve effective management. This is a cross-sectional study in which a case-control analysis will be performed on 63 vascular hemiplegic patients with a stroke of at least one month old followed in the physiotherapy department of the Bafoussam Regional Hospital (HRB). Socio-demographic, clinical, rehabilitation, socio-economic and clinical evaluation characteristics were studied.
During the study period 78 stroke patients were registered, of which 63 agreed to participate in the study, 05 declined and the remaining 15 patients did not meet the inclusion criteria. Of the 63 patients registered and analysed, we had 41 (65%) cases, and 22 (35%) controls. The number of females was 37 (58.76%) and the number of males 26 (41.24%). Age ranged from 32 to 76 years, with the most affected age group being 50-59 (37%) with an average age of 59 years two months. Ischaemic stroke was described in 80.95% of patients and haemorrhagic stroke in 19.05% of patients. The prevalence of shoulder pain was 65%. It is therefore a complication to be feared and special attention should be paid to this complication.