Motivation is an undeniable factor on all walks of the life. In classes, especially, in the classes of second language learning, motivation is a must factor. The effects of motivation are so wide that we can’t ignore them. This study explores the effects of motivation, specifically, low motivation on junior students of the English Department of Kabul University. The research found the factor that demotivates the learners. These factors include the number of learners in the class; environment and feedback. The influential role of instructors was one of the many other factors that played a significant role in learners’ motivation. The study also found that motivation played a very important role in the process of learning a language. Overall, motivation was found fundamental for successful learning to take place especially the acquisition of a language.

New design methods are developing in response to the housing affordability issues. Strategies that utilize more creative approaches rather than formulaic ones are now required. Renovating existing social housing developments is one way to improve affordability. New renovation techniques as an alternative to demolishing large social housing projects is a strategy to provide more affordable housing. This research examines the role of renovation strategies in providing a more cost-efficient consequence. Also, the new design principles' impact on adding quality value rather than cost is investigated. This research aims to determine how renovation and redevelopment of social housing provide greater affordability and quality than the demolition and rebuilding of estates. For this purpose, the study conducts a comparative case study to assess the renovation measurements of large social housing projects in two European cities. Findings suggest that principles used to renovate social housing in Europe increase the chances of improving housing affordability and quality, mainly due to the redefinition of minimum housing standards. The comparative analysis of case studies indicates that the redevelopment of most large-scale social housing projects has led to changes in tenure, typology, density, and delivery methods. The most significant shift in social housing is toward public-private partnerships, mixed-use development projects, sustainable architecture, and new living forms. After many years of standard dwellings, some European countries began to experience a new era in social housing design.

Background: During March 2020, the coronavirus escalated into a global pandemic resulting in schools and colleges all over the world to make the difficult decision to shut their doors, forcing an abrupt and universal shift of conventional learning to distance learning. Student well-being had become a wide growing concern for educational institutions as they acknowledged the importance of a balance among psychological, social, emotional, and physical spheres of lives.
Aim: To assess the perception of teachers and parents regarding impact of COVID- 19 on education and psychological well being of students.
Methods: Qualitative research approach was used to conduct the study. The perception of teachers and parents regarding impact of COVID-19 on education and psychological well being of the students was assessed. Convenience sampling technique was used to select the sample. Semi structured interview schedule was used. 15 teachers were interviewed. Each interview session lasted for around 45-60 minutes. Focused group discussions were conducted for 21 parents participating in the study. 3 groups were formed and each discussion session lasted for 40-50 minutes. The information collected was recorded in the written format. Content analysis was done to interpret the results.
Results:  Most of the teachers (73.3%) were females with 33.3% in the age group of 41-50 years, followed by 26.7% in the age group of 21-30 years and more than 50 years. All the teachers reported post graduation as the highest level of education. The areas identified in which most of the teachers expressed their concerns regarding online teaching included a) problem in implementing teaching plan, b) time limits, c). Communication and feedback from students and parents, d).  Difficulty in assessment of student’s performance, e). Uncertainty regarding the schedule of classes. The major factors contributing to impact of covid-19 on well being of students as reported by most of the teachers were identified as isolation, change in lifestyle, decreased motivation to learn among the students and lack of interest in online classes. Majority of parents included mothers (71.4%) who were in the age group 31-40 years. 42.8% of the parents were illiterate or received non-formal education. Majority (42.8%) of them were laborers, 52.3% had 1 child in the family. Regarding perception of parents about impact of COVID on education of children, most of the parents expressed their satisfaction regarding efforts taken by the school and teachers for online learning. However, the problems faced by them included the financial burden of buying separate phones for children, lack of involvement caused by educational and technological limitations and lack of suitable environment at home that supports child’s learning.
Conclusion: Teachers and parents have significant contact with the children and have an integral role in education and development of children. The findings of the study presented the concerns raised by teachers and parents regarding online learning.

The emergence of mHealth as an alternative access point for care and treatment is lauded by development agencies as ingenious innovation for bridging health care access for teenagers living with HIV/AIDS among detached communities like the islands of Lake Victoria. It is also presumed that mHealth transcends beyond teenagers’ concerns with location and unfriendly hours of operation of health facilities. The mHealth is alleged to increase privacy and confidentiality, reduce cost of service delivery, and loops over retrogressive cultural beliefs and attitudes exhibited by health care providers and caregivers, consequently increasing access to health information, care and treatment. Specifically, the study sought to establish the Characterization of mHealth users that facilitate access to treatment by teenagers living with HIV from the island communities of Lake Victoria and its effect on treatment access. To support this study, the study was anchored to Health Belief Model. This was anchored to the cross-sectional study design, stratified sampling identified the psychosocial support groups of teenagers living with HIV. Probit Model was applied to the study. With a study population of approximately 409 in Ringiti, Remba, Rusinga, Mfangano and Mageta islands, questionnaires were administered to the 173 sampled teenagers living with HIV as unit of analysis, and a control group made up of 30 percent of the sample ascertained effect of characterization of mHealth users on treatment access. Five focus group discussions and key informant interviews of 10 and 3 were held in each Island. The study adopted multiple linear regression analysis to determine the relationship between the Characterization of mHealth users and utilization of information by teenagers living with HIV/AIDS in Island Communities of Lake Victoria, Kenya. The study results revealed that characterization of mhealth users had a significant effect on access to treatment by teenagers living with HIV/AIDS in Island communities of Lake Victoria. Consequently, this study provides organizations promoting access to treatment by teenagers living with HIV/AIDS through characterization of mHealth Users.
The study recommended that government and organizations involved in HIV/AIDS related activities should adopt a culture of enhancing community-based health support systems. This could go a long way in ensuring there is improved access to treatment by teenagers living with HIV/AIDS in Island communities of Lake Victoria.

The aim of this study is to investigate the chemical constituents of the methanolic extract of Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) (Mimosaceae) leaves and to evaluate its potential antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed the presence of (flavonoids and saponins) in high concentration, (alkaloids, tannins, triterpenes, steroids and glycosides) in moderate concentration and the absence of (coumarins and anthraquinones). The evaluation of antimicrobial potential against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonasa aruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis bacteria and the fungus Candida albicans showed (high, moderate, low) activity. An Antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring the capacity of the extract against the stable DPPH radical. The study shows that this plant has therapeutic potential due to its high radical scavenging activity.