The Asian buffalo (Bubalusbubalis) is capable of breeding throughout the year. In many countries a seasonal pattern of ovarian activity occurs. Longer days and stronger light-to-dark ratio during the non-breeding seasons reduce estrus activity and ovulation. Large ruminants benefit from sunlight and ultraviolet radiation in terms of their health and productivity, provided that there are no exceptionally high ambient temperatures present. Increased photoperiod enhanced growth until the onset of sexual maturity. At the age, animals utilised ration more efficiently due to a lower protein recovery rate.In the dairy, a long photoperiod speeds up growth and sexual maturity. The Photoperiod length is directly related to the development of calves and heifers. It has been demonstrated that the long day photo periodstimulates mammary parenchymal growth both before and after puberty.The wintertime photoperiod of Murrah buffalo calves was prolonged by artificial light for 4 hours, which resulted in earlier puberty and faster growth.The hormone melatonin, which is secreted by the pineal gland at night, serves as the body's internal signal for the rhythm of light and dark. Buffaloes are substantially more likely to be in oestrus when the days are shorter than when they are longer. The periodicity of the oestrous cycle is significantly influenced by the species' sensitivity to photoperiod as well as environmental influences. As their ovarian activity resumes at the start of the short day-length phase, buffaloes giving birth in the autumn exhibit shorter postpartum anoestrus.

Revenue generation is at the heart of state administration. Governments depend on taxes, rates, fines, and other financial obligations to raise revenue. However, Kenya is reporting a reduction in tax revenues, especially from the non-digitalized sectors more especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. The paper sought to find out how revenue mobilization can be enhanced during the pandemics. The paper utilized secondary materials. The paper concluded that for a country to enhance revenue mobilization there is need to digitalize its system to effectively collect tax even during lockdowns and during paandemics. The policy makers need to enhance tax policies and tax administration measures, to shore up revenue that will foster economic development and bridge the gap that will arise due to pandemics. There is great scope in using digital technologies to enhance tax revenue collection. This scope can be widened by using digital technologies to improve tax compliance and taxpayer services. The proper application of technology also could reduce tax administration costs by lodging and processing customs documents and integrating personal bank accounts with the Kenya Revenue Authority.

In addition to examining how coffee houses are a living phenomenon and how the additional functional features they have gained in the historical process, besides their basic functions, gain a function within the framework of socio-cultural and political features, it is tried to be explained with the example of coffee houses in Europe and how popular culture causes changes in the functional features of these places. The research of this paper, supported by archive research reveals the changes and transformations of the function of coffeehouses related to recent history, and also creates a foresight in the future. It also contains important first-hand information in terms of being a guide for future scientific studies in related fields.

Using the Water Quality Index (WQI) method, Sagar Lake's water quality was assessed. Over a year, from April 2019 to March 2020, water samples were taken at eight specific Sagar Lake locations. Water quality indicators like temperature, depth, and colour were measured directly at the sampling site. Water depth was measured with a wooden stick dipped into the lake then measured with a measuring tape. Water temperature was measured using a centigrade mercury-in-glass thermometer. Total dissolved solids, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, electric conductivity, and total dissolved solids were all directly measured with portable HI 9812, Hanna equipment. Total alkalinity and chloride were analysed by titration method in the lab. The Pearson correlation matrix analysis revealed some of the measured values had a strong correlation. The two-way ANOVA also revealed significant variations in different parameters according to seasons. WQI values demonstrated the ease of understanding about the water quality in Sagar Lake. These findings indicate the urgent need for plans to stop water contamination in Sagar Lake.

A rare case of low-grade primary leiomyosarcoma of the sacrum is described in a young woman who was suffering from pain in the left sacroiliac region. An expansile lytic sacroiliac mass was observed on x-ray and conventional tomography. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed avidGd-DTPA enhancement in the entire mass suggesting its hypervascularity. Histopathology and immunohistochemical results of biopsy of the lesion confirmed the diagnosis. We report on the features of this rare tumor entity through imaging and diagnostic methods.

Public participation is a method of engagement in governance. People engage together for discussion and joint action within various interests, including constituents in governance processes. In 2013, The Constitution of Kenya 2010 was implemented, and Article 174 highlights public participation as a crucial process in ensuring citizens' views are considered during the legislative process. However, since the implementation of the constitution, public participation has been conducted on various projects, but there have been public complaints that their views are not being considered. Therefore, it created a need to determine whether public participation influenced the legislative process, particularly the Kaprobu Dam project. The study was conducted within the framework of participatory democratic theory. The study used concurrent mixed methods research design (QUANT + qual). Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics (percentages and frequencies) and inferential statistics (simple linear regression & Pearson correlation coefficient), while qualitative data was analysed using content analysis. The regression analysis found a positive and significant relationship between public participation and the legislative process. The regression model for public participation and legislative process was Y=2.432+.463. The study findings imply that there was a significant influence of public participation on the legislative process. This also implies that the public participation policy is working in Moiben sub-county though it needs improvement. The findings from this study inform the County Government of Uasin Gishu of the need to increase the uptake of public views given during public participation as an excellent measure to meet constituents' desires and uphold public participation.

The purpose of the study was to establish the influence of board diversity on service delivery in constitutional commissions in Kenya. The theory was hinged to Stewardship Theory. The study adopted both descriptive research design, and used quantitative approach. The units of analysis were constitutional commissions while the unit of observation was 80 board members and 10 Chief Executive Officers of the Constitutional Commissions the data was analyzed using inferential statistics. Results revealed that board diversity had a positive and significant relationship with service delivery in the constitutional commissions in Kenya.

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of board governance on performance of deposit taking SACCOs in Kenya. The contextual scope of this study was limited to the deposit taking SACCOs in Kenya. The study is based on the Stewardship theory. A conceptual framework is illustrated to show the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. This study was anchored to a positivist paradigm as well as descriptive-correlational-cross-sectional research designs. The target population of the study was 350 CEOs and chairpersons of the boards of the deposit taking Saccos in Kenya. The study used to select the subjects of study. Explanatory research design was used for this study as it sought to determine relationships between variables. The study used bivariate regression analysis to analyze the association between board governance dimensions and performance of deposit taking Saccos. The results revealed that board governance practices had a positive and significant relationship with performance of deposit taking Saccos in Kenya. The results support the current theories related to the study. Consequently, this study provides deposit taking Saccos on how to improve performance of Saccos through the adoption of appropriate board governance practices.

Governance provides a framework for ethical decision-making and managerial action that is based on transparency, accountability, and defined roles. It is the way through which people, organizations, and governments work toward common objectives, make decisions, generate legitimate authority and power, and promote and protect human rights. Within the constitutional architecture of Kenya, it is only Parliament that is mandated to enact laws. However, the same constitution provides that Parliament may delegate or cede limited powers to the executive arm of government to make delegated legislations. This study, therefore, sought to determine the role of legal framework in the delegated legislation process in Kenya. A descriptive survey research design and positivism philosophy were adopted with the target population was 410 from the delegated legislation mandates in three arms of government, legislature, executive, and the judiciary. The study used stratified random sampling, purposive and simple random sampling was used to select the sample population, and the sample size was 202 respondents with the key mandate of delegated legislation determined by using Yamane's (1967) Formula. The primary data was collected by use of questionnaires and analyzed quantitatively using inferential analysis. Based on the multiple linear regression results, it was revealed that legal framework positively and significantly related with delegated legislation process in Kenya. The study thus recommends putting in place strategies, undertake a comprehensive study of the adequacy of the current law- the Statutory Instrument Act, 2013 to deal with these emerging realities with a view to amending it. It is further recommended that in reviewing the current law, comparative study be done with other jurisdiction with a view to finding out how the three arms of government may play their constitutional role (considering the principle of separation of powers) in delegated legislations. Further, it is further recommended that parliament must scrutinize all enabling laws that it enacts and ensure that it does not ‘over-delegate’ its powers to other arms of government. This could go a long way in ensuring there is improved delegated legislative process in Kenya.

The general objective of the study was to examine the relationship between corporate governance and performance of private security firms in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were: To determine relationship between shareholder assembly and board characteristics on performance of private security firms in Kenya. The study was grounded on the Agency Theory and Stewardship Theory. The study applied descriptive analysis with a positivist approach. The study participants were members of Kenya Security Industry Association (KSIA) and Protective Security Industry Association (PSIA), since they had representation in Private Security Regulatory Authority (PSRA) board. The private security firms had a complement of 896 (336 board members and 560 managers) according to the Human Resource departments in the private security firms to be studied. The study sample size was 384 respondents. Structured questionnaires and performance reports were used in eliciting data. The study adopted a questionnaire as the data collection instruments to compliment by other secondary sources.Results revealed that all the corporate governance practices had a positive and significant relationship with performance of private security of firms in Kenya.. The study concluded that corporate governance practices had the potential of positively influencing performance of security firms in terms of profitability, customer satisfaction and market share. The results support the current theories related to the study. Consequently, this study provides security firms with insights of how to improve performance through the adoption of appropriate corporate governance. The study recommended that security firms should adopt a culture of adopting appropriate governance dimensions (shareholder assembly, board characteristics). This could go a long way in ensuring there is improved performance of private security firms in Kenya.

Stakeholders largely accounts for the success of projects, especially industrial energy efficiency complex projects. The purpose of stakeholder management is to achieve project success through the persistent development of their interrelationships. Energy efficiency projects delays are a common problem with an immeasurable cost to manufacturing firms. The industrial energy efficiency projects in Kenyan manufacturing firms are characterized by late time delivery, over budget constraints and abridged functionality as well as quality. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect stakeholder management on implementation of industrial energy efficiency projects in manufacturing firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was guided by the following specific objectives; Establish stakeholder identification on implementation of industrial energy efficiency projects in manufacturing firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya; Examine the stakeholder communication on implementation of industrial energy efficiency projects in manufacturing firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya; Assess the stakeholder involvement on implementation of industrial energy efficiency projects in manufacturing firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya; Investigate the stakeholder control on implementation of industrial energy efficiency projects in manufacturing firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study is anchored to the stakeholder theory, Institutional Theory, Resource Based Theory and Theory of Constraints. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The study’s target population was 458 industrial energy efficiency projects in the manufacturing firms operating within Nairobi County, Kenya. The sample size was 214 respondents established from Slovin sample size determination formula. A pilot study was undertaken to check the validity and reliability of the data collection instrument. A questionnaire was used to collect primary data and consisted of both structured and open-ended questions to give qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative data was analyzed by the use of content analysis. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in which frequencies and percentages were used. SPSS was used to analyze the data and to determine whether the independent variables were related to the dependent variable. Data was presented in tables and graphs. The study adopted a regression analysis at 0.05 level of significance to determine strength and direction of the relationship of the variables under study. Results revealed that all the stakeholder management dimensions had a positive and significant relationship with implementation of industrial energy efficiency projects in manufacturing firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. However, the magnitude of the influence was different for the specific stakeholder management dimensions. The stakeholder communication had the largest effect followed by stakeholder involvement then stakeholder needs identification and finally the stakeholder control. Consequently, this study provides project managers involved in the implementation of industrial energy efficiency projects in manufacturing firms with insights of how to improve implementation of projects through stakeholder management. The key recommendations are that implementation of industrial energy efficiency projects in manufacturing firms should embrace stakeholder management practices such as stakeholder needs identification, communication, involvement and control in order to realize project implementation  success.