From the past to the present, housing has corresponded to sheltering act of humanity. Settled life has formed today's urban structures together with residential environments. Industrialization and modern life that started in Europe changed housing structures and urban life. Istanbul, which is a bridge between Europe and Anatolia, has been the city where this change has been felt the most since the Ottoman Empire. The development of Istanbul which is one of the worlds biggest cities is observed in the housing structure together with the urban structure. This change which started with the housing plan structure is felt in the smallest residential units witnessed by the individual.
In this article, information about the change in Istanbul with new housing presentation styles was given and this change was examined in Kadıköy-Bostancı district which is one of the very first settlements on the Anatolian side of Istanbul. The determination of the periodic change in the existing housing pattern of Bostancı was evaluated with the plan information of 65 buildings in three different regions.

There has been increasing concerns relating to issues of equality and equity in the education sector amongst education specialist and of great concern has been the poor performance of female students in science subjects. To this effect a study was conducted to find out the factors affecting female student’s performance in science subjects at Mary Immaculate Girl’s Secondary School. The researcher used a descriptive research design and the respondents were sampled using Simple Random sampling Method. The study  found out that there are a wide range of factors that affects girls students performance in science subjects and this include availability of qualified teachers, availability of teaching and learning materials, students attitude and perception towards science subjects, parental support and availability of the necessary science relate infrastructure such as laboratory. It has also been found that the performance of girls at the school in science subjects is very good.

Objectives: To evaluate performance and identify high yielding and stable varieties for southwestern part of Ethiopia
Materials and Methods: Ten released finger millet varieties and one local check were tested at different locations of Jimma and Buno bedele zones. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with four replication. Each finger millet genotypes was planted on  plot (8m2) consisting of 4 rows, each with 5m long the distance between rows was 20 cm. Spacing between plots was 1 m whereas that between replications was 1.5 m. The seed rate was 15 kg/ha. Growth parameters, phenologic and yield and yield related traits data was collected according to finger millet descriptor. All relevant field trial management practices were carried out throughout the experimentation period across all locations as per the recommendations.
Result: The results of analysis revealed that significant differences and non significant were observed among all parameters at 5% level of significance across different locations. The ultimate objective of plant breeding was to increase grain yield so as to ensure food security at the country level. Grain yield varied across locations. High grain yield was harvested from BD2018 and low from Limu kosa. Variety Gudetu showed similar performance across tested locations.
Conclusion: Variety Gudetu was high yielding and stable across the locations, so that it was recommended.

Soybean is versatile crop and becoming the most important oil crop in Ethiopia. Soybean can be classified into different group based on the color. Black soybean is the most preferred ones due to the nutritional and economical values. To date in Ethiopia a total of 26 yellow seeded soybean varieties are under production. Evaluating the performance of black soybean genotypes has paramount importance. The trial was conducted with 64 black seeded soybean genotypes in the year 2019 main cropping season at Jimma, South Western parts of Ethiopia. The experimental design used wastriple lattice. The data collected include; days to flowering, days to maturity, number of pods per plant, number of  seeds per plant, hundred seed weight, rust ,common bacterial blight ,lodging score and grain yield. The statistical analysis showed significant differences at (P<0.05) among the varieties   for all parameters. Mean grain yield ranged from 0.5 t/ha (T2-EL-LG-90-JM17-F4) to 2.59 (T2-EL-LG-90-JM17-B6) t/ha. Out of the total tested soybean genotypes 47 black seeded soybean genotypes produced a better grain yield than the most adapted check variety, Clark 63k. On the other hand, 17 genotypes produced better than the second check variety, Coker - 240. The research result indicates as there is a possibility of developing black seeded soybean varieties for production. Consequently, it is recommended to advance promising black seeded soybean genotypes for further test.

Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) are conditions in which the work environment and performance of work contribute significantly to the condition and/orthe condition is made worse or persists longer due to work conditions. They are a major problem among Nurses and Physiotherapists (PTs). Although there is evidence that many Nurses and PTs suffer from WRMSDs, there is no sufficient data on its prevalence and risk factors in Cameroon.
Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors of WRMSDs among Nurses and PTs in four 4th category hospitals in Douala from the 21st of January to the 21st of February 2020.
Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in four 4th category health structures in Douala from the 21st January to 21st February 2020. A total of 150 questionnaires were distributed to PTs and Nurses who gave their concents to partcipate in the study, 121 returned, giving a response rate of 80.67%. 98 Nurses and 23 PTs (total 121) consented to participate in the study. Data on demographic characteristics, some physical parameters and risk factors were collected using a structured questionnaire while the modified Nordic questionnaire was used to collect data on the prevalence of WRMSDs. The data collected was analyzed using Epi info version 7.2.3.1, MS Excel.
Results: The prevalence of WRMSDs among Nurses and PTs was 77.89% and 78.26% respectively, repetitive task (88%) was the major risk factors for Nurses and manual therapy (96%) for PTs. The lower back (57% and 61% ), neck (48% and 61), wrist (34% and 57%), shoulder (32% and 57%), and elbow (31% and 57%) were the most affected body parts and the least was the ankle (20% and 35%) for Nurses and PTs respectively.
Conclusion: The prevalence of WRMSDs was relatively high among Nurses and Physiotherapists practicing in Douala, Cameroon and there is a need to step up preventive strategies and increase awareness on occupational safety.

The hand is essential in humans for physical manipulation of their surrounding environment. Allowing the ability to grasp, and differentiated from other animals by an opposing thumb, the main functions include both fine and gross motor skills as well as being a key tool for sensing and understanding the immediate surroundings of their owner.
Target: Hand fractures are the most common fractures presenting at both accident and emergency and within orthopedic clinics. Appropriate evaluation at first presentation, as well as during their management, can significantly prevent both morbidity and disability to a patient. These decisions are dependent on a wide range of factors including age, hand dominance, occupation, and co-morbidities.
A fracture is best described as a soft tissue injury with an associated bony injury. Despite this being the case, this paper intends to deal mainly with the bone injury and aims to discuss both the timing, as well as the methods available, of hand fracture management.
Method: Fractures of the metacarpal are the most common of hand fractures accounting for up to 40% [1, 2] and are usually the injury described as ‘a broken hand’ by the general public.
For discussion purposes fractures of the metacarpals are best described anatomically and the digits can be grouped together, although the fifth metacarpal is often expressed on its own as the ‘boxer fracture’ and accounts for a quarter of all metacarpal fractures [2]. Likewise, due to anatomical and functional variance the first metacarpal is generally classified as a separate entity which is not included in this Article.

The main objective of the study was to conduct an in-depth analysis of the factors that influence teacher job satisfaction and motivation at the Secondary school level in Zambia. A descriptive research design was adopted for this study as it accurately portrays the characteristics of the phenomenon. The Universe for the study was all the teachers from Moomba and Shifwankhula secondary schools and a total of 50 respondents were selected using simple random sampling. Data collection was done through semi structured questionnaire and the collected data was analyzed using SPSS.
The study results showed high levels of satisfaction with their abilities. There are a number of factors that have been found to contribute to teacher job satisfaction amongst the two secondary school and these are salary, promotion opportunities, Job grading systems and professional development activities. In terms of motivation it was found out that salary, relationship with Students, Administrative factors, nature of work, recognition and rewards systems, Promotion opportunities and relationship with colleagues are the major factors contributing to staff motivation.